Immigration and British Social Policy Dissertation

Immigration and British Social Policy - Dissertation Example Building social capital 43 4.2. Promoting social inclusion 44 4.3. Ensuring social equality 45 5. Conclusions 46 References 49 List of Tables Table 1. Social cohesion: a social capital perspective 43 Table 2. Social cohesion: a social inclusion perspective 44 Table 3. Social cohesion: a social equality perspective 46 List of Figures Figure 1. Total long-term international migration estimates, UK, 2000–2010. 8 Figure 2. Recent trends in migrants’ flows. 25 Figure 3. Inflows of top 10 nationalities into the UK 25 Figure 4. Overseas nationals allocated a NI number, 2002 to 2006. 25 Figure 5. The conceptual framework of the study. 42 Acknowledgement The author would like to thank †¦ 1. Introduction 1.1. Research background A process of migration of humans between countries and continents, either as a result of difficult circumstances in a homeland or in search of better life, has taken place for centuries. But nowadays, in the era of growing globalisation, this phenome non has become especially outstanding, remarkable by its complex and multifaceted nature. Voicu (2009) defines immigration as â€Å"the act of entering a country, other than one’s native country, with the intention of living there permanently† (p.71). ... According to the United Nation Population Division (2006), in 2005 there were about 191 million migrants (foreign-born persons) in the world: 34 per cent of them lived in European Union (EU) countries, 23 per cent in Northern America, and 28 percent in Asia. Although these figures show that only a relatively small proportion of global population migrate (account of migrants was nearly 2.9 per cent of the total 6.5 billions in 2005), but the current trend in migration is remarkable by its scale and rate of growth, as during last two decades â€Å"the stock of world’s migrants almost doubled† (Wickramasekara 2007: p.3). It is also notable that roughly about 170 million of mentioned above 191 million migrants in the world (in 2005) were migrant workers and their families, i.e. people who â€Å"migrates from one country to another with a view to being employed otherwise than on his own account and includes any person regularly admitted as a migrant for employment† (W ickramasekara 2007: p.4). A majority of European countries also experience an increase of inward and outward flows of migrants, which happens during last two decades as a consequence of significant political and social changes. According to Boswell (2005: p.1), in 2001 net immigration in Europe amounted 3 per 1,000 inhabitants, and the region hosted a population of 56.1 million migrants, in comparing to 40.8 million in North America. These figures, taken along with the UNPD data above, indicate clearly that today’s Europe is a desired point of destination for migrants from every corner of the world, and experts predict further increasing of migrants’ population in European high-income countries, because the labour and skills

Attraction of Developed Markets for Emerging Market Brands Essay - 1

Attraction of Developed Markets for Emerging Market Brands - Essay Example This paper illustrates emerging markets as the markets or nations that have economies classified as being in their relatively early development stages. These nations’ financial markets are less developed compared to the major financial centers from all over the world. However, these markets are becoming increasingly integrated and sophisticated into the international and developed markets. The emerging markets spread across the globe and they differ extensively in their cultures, political, and economic behavior, as well as in factors that drive their market growth. There has been an increasing attraction of the developed markets for the emerging market brands, though they face numerous challenges. Emerging markets face numerous challenges in their efforts of joining and competing in the developed markets. Agtmael stated that limited financial resources and the lack of international experience force the emerging markets into becoming low-cost equipment manufacturers and provid ers for the developed markets. The result is that the developed markets consider the products within the emerging markets as commodities and competitive, which leads to lower performance levels of the emerging markets, as well as the products within these markets. An additional obstacle for emerging markets venturing into the developed markets is that the developed markets are the negative stigma that consumers in these markets have on products from the emerging markets. Most of the consumers within the developed markets, as Agtmael states, are usually not willing to pay the market price of emerging commodities. This forces the companies within the emerging markets to lower their sales prices to make sales. In return, the companies get little or no income, and at times, they make losses on the products they provide to the markets. The negative stigma of the developed markets makes it difficult for the brands within the emerging markets to grow and join the developed markets. Emergin g market brands seek to join the developed markets for various reasons. The different reasons are mainly to benefit from the greater developed market. The main reason is to gain a greater market. Developed markets have more customers compared to the emerging market. These markets provide a wider range of consumers for the products that exist within the markets compared to the developing markets. The developed markets usually have more participants, who are willing and committed to trading business activities.